Knee > Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome > Treatments

    Arthroscopy

Preparing for Surgery

Arthroscopy is a useful surgical tool for diagnosing and treating patellofemoral pain problems. The decisions you make and the actions you take before your surgery can be every bit as important as the procedure itself in ensuring a healthy recovery.

   Make sure you have received any equipment you will need when you get home from the hospital. This may include a knee brace, crutches, ice packs or coolers, or a continuous passive motion (CPM) machine. You should receive prescriptions for any of these from your doctor when your surgery is scheduled.

   Understand the potential risks and benefits of the surgery, and ask your surgeon any questions that will help you better understand the procedure. It can also help to talk to someone else who has undergone the same surgery.

   Any physical problems, such as a fever or infection, should be reported to your surgeon, and you should notify your surgeon of any medication you are taking.

   If possible, practice walking with your crutches in case you need to use them after surgery.

   Most insurance companies require a second opinion before agreeing to reimburse a patient for a surgical procedure. Getting a second opinion from a surgeon who is as qualified as the surgeon who gave the initial diagnosis is advisable in any case.

   Make sure the orthopedist performing the surgery is board-certified, which can be determined by calling the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery at 919-929-7103.

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At most medical centers, you will go to "patient admissions" to check in for your arthroscopic surgery. If your surgery is going to be inpatient, there may be a separate department, so be sure to ask your doctor. After you have checked in to the hospital or clinic, you will go to a holding area where the final preparations are made. The paperwork is completed and your knee area may be shaved (this is not always necessary). You will wear a hospital gown and remove all of your jewelry. You will meet the anesthesiologist or nurse anesthetist (a nurse who has done graduate training to provide anesthesia under the supervision of an anesthesiologist). Then, you will walk or ride on a stretcher to the operating room. Most patients are not sedated until they go into the operating room. Here are some important steps to remember for the day of your surgery:

   You will probably be told not to eat or drink anything after midnight on the night before your surgery. This will reduce the risk of vomiting while you are under general anesthesia.

   Since you will most likely be able to go home within a few hours of surgery, and because the anesthetic and pain medications may make you drowsy, arrange for someone to drive you home when you are released.

   Wear a loose pair of pants or other clothing that will fit comfortably over your knee bandage when you leave the hospital.

   Take it easy. Keeping a good frame of mind can help ease any nerves or anxiety about undergoing surgery. Distractions such as reading, watching television, chatting with visitors, or talking on the telephone can also help.

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Arthroscopic surgery for patellofemoral pain usually takes about an hour or less, depending on what your surgeon needs to do and if there are other associated injuries to ligaments or tendons. After anesthesia is administered, which may be local, regional, or general, the surgical team sterilizes the leg with antibacterial solution. The instruments are then set up and the television monitors are turned on.

   One to three small, four-millimeter incisions are used for the diagnostic portion of the operation. Any further incisions depend on what your surgeon will do to fix your particular problem.

   With the arthroscope in your knee, the surgeon can see exactly how the kneecap tracks in its groove and any instability or tendency to dislocate can be seen easily. Your surgeon can also determine whether some of the tendons and structures that are attached to your kneecap are too tight, too loose, or torn.

   Once the problem is identified, the appropriate procedures can be performed. These may include tightening, releasing, or a combination of procedures that will ultimately allow the kneecap to track properly.

   The incisions are stitched and you are awakened and taken to the recovery room.

After arthroscopic surgery, you usually stay in the recovery room for at least two hours while the anesthetic wears off. You will be given adequate pain medicine, either orally or through an IV (intravenous) line, as well as instructions for what to do over the next couple of days. In addition, you will be given an appointment to return and a prescription for pain medicine. Your knee will be bandaged and may have ice on it. You may have significant pain early on and you should take the pain medicine as directed. Remember that it is easier to keep pain suppressed than it is to treat pain once it becomes present. When you feel the pain coming on, take another pill, as long as it is within the time limit on the bottle. You should try to move your feet while you are in the recovery room to improve circulation. Your temperature, blood pressure, and heartbeat will be monitored by a nurse, who, with the assistance of the doctor, will determine when you are ready to leave the hospital or, if necessary, be admitted for an overnight stay. It is likely that you will be able to bear some weight on your leg, but your surgeon may suggest that you use crutches or a cane for a couple of days. For most people, crutches are used only until you feel steady on your feet. As soon as you are fully awakened, you are usually allowed to go home. You will probably be unable to drive a car, so be sure to have arranged a ride home.

Here is what you can expect after arthroscopy to correct patellofemoral pain syndrome:

   You will likely feel pain or discomfort for the first few days, and you will be given a combination of pain medications as needed. A prescription-strength painkiller is usually prescribed and should be taken as directed on the bottle. Taking one every four to six hours as directed is a good idea in the first 24 hours to suppress pain.

   There may be some minor drainage on the dressing since fluid may have accumulated during surgery. Expect some blood to show through the bandage during the first 24 hours.

   You should usually continue with the ice for at least 24 hours and remove the dressing within the first 48 hours. Icing your knee for 20 or 30 minutes a few times a day during the first two days after arthroscopy will help reduce pain. Ice therapy is most effective in the first 24 to 48 hours.

   As much as possible, you should keep your knee elevated above heart level to reduce swelling and pain. It often helps to sleep with pillows under your ankle.

   Wait until you can stand comfortably for 10 or 15 minutes at a time before you take a shower. You can probably shower and swim the day after arthroscopy. If you have access to a pool, many physicians suggest swimming for a half-hour a day.

   Crutches or a cane may be needed for a few days following arthroscopy, but you can usually put your weight on your knee and begin walking. The pain typically feels like you bumped into a table.

   As soon as possible after surgery, you should begin doing physical therapy as directed by your surgeon.

   For two or three days after surgery, you may experience night sweats and a fever of up to 101. Your physician may suggest acetaminophen, coughing, and deep breathing to get over this. This is common and should not alarm you.

   You may return to work the next day after arthroscopy, depending on the severity of your pain.

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Your physician may prescribe visits to a physical therapist to begin supervised strengthening exercises as soon as possible after arthroscopic surgery. You can begin therapy immediately after surgery in most cases. Patients should do stretching and strengthening exercises for a minimum of four days a week. The workouts should focus on the knee for at least thirty minutes and be combined with a knee-friendly cardiovascular workout. Despite your dedication to the rehab program, you may not feel any improvement for up to six weeks or longer and your kneecap pain may recur. Though everyone's rehab program is slightly different, physical therapy after arthroscopy for kneecap pain follows a general pattern. Most people can begin stretching the muscles and tendons around the kneecap within a week. Though your knee may be weak, it is generally strong enough to handle mild stretching and slow movements. Working to restore early range of motion may help reduce swelling and stiffness, and increase your healing time. Rehab progresses into strengthening exercises that focus on the quadriceps and hamstrings Ð the main stabilizing muscles for your knee. Physicians suggest you gradually increase the amount of weight as your leg muscles get stronger. Strengthening exercises require dedication because results often take weeks and pain may recur. Once the muscles of your injured leg are about as strong as the uninjured leg, the focus of rehab turns to increasing your coordination. After about six weeks of rehab, physical therapy can become activity oriented as you regain the ability to perform complicated movements, using stationary bikes, elliptical machines, and cross-country skiing machines. Physicians usually suggest that you continue strength training even after your kneecap has been rehabilitated. Have your physician periodically check your kneecap for strength and proper tracking.

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   Knee strengthening exercises: Kneecap (patella) injuries

Physicians may suggest that you wear a neoprene knee sleeve with a hole around the kneecap during any activities that may stress your knee. The knee sleeve by itself may improve the tracking of your kneecap; however, to prevent patellofemoral pain, your rehab exercises are ultimately more important than bracing. Physicians generally recommend that you make the stretching and strengthening exercises you learned in rehab part of your everyday routine as soon as your doctor diagnoses you with patellofemoral pain. Many of the exercises and activities that are popular for fitness put stress on your knees. To prevent further kneecap pain it is important to learn knee-sparing exercise techniques by dividing your activities into three components:

   Daily living – the average person takes between 12,000 and 15,000 steps a day, with each step exerting a force between two and five times your body weight on your knees. After a knee injury, take it easy on your knees during the day whenever possible to save them for activities and exercise. Avoid stairs when there is an elevator, take the shortest path when walking, and consider wearing athletic shoes designed to absorb shock rather than hard-soled shoes.

   Muscle strengthening and conditioning – activities themselves are not a substitute for conditioning. Your need for special conditioning to prepare for activities increases with age. The best strengthening programs are low-impact and non-weight-bearing, like stationary bikes and certain weightlifting programs, so that the knees do not have to absorb shock.

   Recreation – sports that require twisting and quick direction changes put great strain on your knee. Any climbing or jumping activity where the knee is bent beyond 90 degrees puts undue pressure on the cartilage surfaces under the kneecap. To prevent injury, stick to light, non-impact activities for your recreation after suffering patellofemoral pain. If you decide to return to sports like football and basketball, a physician should carefully examine your kneecap and test it for proper alignment. If you plan on participating in sports, remember to take it easy during daily activities and to keep your kneecap tracking properly with stretching and strengthening exercises.

A small amount of pain is normal during physical activity, but if you feel so much pain in your knee to warrant taking a painkiller before an activity, you should consider cutting back or stopping.